26.3.3 交换分区和子分区与表
在 MySQL 8.4 中,可以使用 ALTER TABLE
语句来交换一个表的分区或子分区与另一个非分区表,前提是以下条件成立:pt
EXCHANGE PARTITION p
WITH TABLE nt
-
表
nt
本身不是分区表。 -
表
nt
不是一个临时表。 -
表
pt
和nt
的结构是完全相同的。 -
表
nt
不包含任何外键引用,并且没有其他表有指向nt
的外键引用。 -
在
p
分区定义的边界内,没有行位于表nt
中。这一点不适用于使用了WITHOUT VALIDATION
的情况。 -
两张表必须使用相同的字符集和排序规则。
-
对于 InnoDB 表,两张表必须使用相同的行格式。要确定一个 InnoDB 表的行格式,可以查询
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_TABLES
。 -
对于
pt
表的任何分区级别的MAX_ROWS
设置必须与nt
表的表级别MAX_ROWS
值相同。同样地,pt
表的任何分区级别的MIN_ROWS
设置必须与nt
表的表级别MIN_ROWS
值相同。这两种情况下都成立,无论
pt
是否有显式的表级别MAX_ROWS
或MIN_ROWS
选项在作用中。 -
AVG_ROW_LENGTH
在两张表pt
和nt
之间不能有差异。 -
INDEX DIRECTORY
不能在表和要与其交换的分区之间有所不同。 -
两张表都不能使用
TABLESPACE
选项。
除了通常用于 ALTER TABLE
语句的 ALTER
, INSERT
, 和 CREATE
权限之外,你还必须有 DROP
权限才能执行 ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
。
你还应该了解以下关于 ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
的影响:
-
执行
ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
不会触发分区表或要交换的非分区表上的触发器。 -
交换后的表中的任何
AUTO_INCREMENT
列都会重置为初始值。 -
IGNORE
关键字在使用时与ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
无效。
以下是 ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
的语法,其中 pt
是分区表,p
是要交换的分区(或子分区),nt
是要与 p
交换的非分区表:
ALTER TABLE pt
EXCHANGE PARTITION p
WITH TABLE nt;
可选地,你可以在末尾添加 WITH VALIDATION
或 WITHOUT VALIDATION
。当使用了 WITHOUT VALIDATION
时,ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
操作在交换分区与非分区表时不会执行行级别验证,这允许数据库管理员自行确保行位于分区定义的边界内。WITH VALIDATION
是默认值。
只可以在一个单独的ALTER TABLE EXCHANGE PARTITION
语句中交换一个和仅仅一个分区或子分区与一个非分区表。要交换多个分区或子分区,使用多个ALTER TABLE EXCHANGE PARTITION
语句。EXCHANGE PARTITION
不能与其他ALTER TABLE
选项结合使用。分区和(如果适用)子分区的类型可以是MySQL 8.4支持的任何类型或类型。
假设已创建并填充了一个分区表e
,如下所示的SQL语句:
CREATE TABLE e (
id INT NOT NULL,
fname VARCHAR(30),
lname VARCHAR(30)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (id) (
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (50),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (100),
PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (150),
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
);
INSERT INTO e VALUES
(1669, "Jim", "Smith"),
(337, "Mary", "Jones"),
(16, "Frank", "White"),
(2005, "Linda", "Black");
现在,我们创建一个非分区的e
的副本命名为e2
。这可以使用mysql客户端完成,如下所示:
mysql> CREATE TABLE e2 LIKE e;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE e2 REMOVE PARTITIONING;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
您可以通过查询信息架构的PARTITIONS
表来查看表e
中的哪些分区包含行,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 1 |
| p1 | 0 |
| p2 | 0 |
| p3 | 3 |
+----------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
对于InnoDB
表,PARTITIONS
表中的TABLE_ROWS
列给出的行数仅供SQL优化使用,并不是总是准确的。
要交换表e
中的分区p0
与表e2
,您可以使用ALTER TABLE
,如下所示:
mysql> ALTER TABLE e EXCHANGE PARTITION p0 WITH TABLE e2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
更准确地说,这个语句会导致在分区中找到行与表中找到行的交换。您可以通过查询信息架构的PARTITIONS
表来查看这个发生了什么。之前在分区p0
中找到的行现在不再存在:
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 0 |
| p1 | 0 |
| p2 | 0 |
| p3 | 3 |
+----------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果您查询表e2
,您可以看到那个“missing”行现在在那里:
mysql> SELECT * FROM e2;
+----+-------+-------+
| id | fname | lname |
+----+-------+-------+
| 16 | Frank | White |
+----+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
要交换的表不一定为空。为了演示这个,我们首先向表e
中插入一个新行,使得这行存储在分区p0
中,通过选择一个id
列值小于50,并在查询PARTITIONS
表后验证这个:
mysql> INSERT INTO e VALUES (41, "Michael", "Green");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 1 |
| p1 | 0 |
| p2 | 0 |
| p3 | 3 |
+----------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
现在,我们再次交换分区p0
与表e2
,使用相同的ALTER TABLE
语句:
mysql> ALTER TABLE e EXCHANGE PARTITION p0 WITH TABLE e2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.28 sec)
以下查询的输出显示,在发出ALTER TABLE
语句之前在分区p0
和表e2
中找到的行现在已经交换了位置:
mysql> SELECT * FROM e;
+------+-------+-------+
| id | fname | lname |
+------+-------+-------+
| 16 | Frank | White |
| 1669 | Jim | Smith |
| 337 | Mary | Jones |
| 2005 | Linda | Black |
+------+-------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 1 |
| p1 | 0 |
| p2 | 0 |
| p3 | 3 |
+----------------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM e2;
+----+---------+-------+
| id | fname | lname |
+----+---------+-------+
| 41 | Michael | Green |
+----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
请记住,在发出ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
语句之前,非分区表中的任何行都必须满足目标分区的条件;否则,语句失败。为了看到这个发生了什么,我们首先向e2
中插入一个值超过分区定义为分区p0
表e
的边界的id
列值的新行;然后,再次尝试交换表与分区:
mysql> INSERT INTO e2 VALUES (51, "Ellen", "McDonald");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE e EXCHANGE PARTITION p0 WITH TABLE e2;
ERROR 1707 (HY000): Found row that does not match the partition
只有WITHOUT VALIDATION
选项允许这个操作成功进行:
mysql> ALTER TABLE e EXCHANGE PARTITION p0 WITH TABLE e2 WITHOUT VALIDATION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
当一个分区与包含不匹配分区定义的行的表交换时,数据库管理员负责修复这些不匹配的行,这可以使用REPAIR TABLE
或ALTER TABLE ... REPAIR PARTITION
进行。
为了避免在交换一个包含大量行的分区与表时进行耗时的验证,可以通过在ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
语句中添加WITHOUT VALIDATION
来跳过行级验证步骤。
以下示例比较了在执行分区与非分区表交换操作时,带有和不带有验证的时间差异。包含两部分,每部分有一百万行的表(表e
)中的p0部分被移除,并且p0被交换到一个含有一百万行的非分区表中。带有WITH VALIDATION
的操作耗时为0.74秒,而不带验证的操作仅需0.01秒。
# Create a partitioned table with 1 million rows in each partition
CREATE TABLE e (
id INT NOT NULL,
fname VARCHAR(30),
lname VARCHAR(30)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (id) (
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1000001),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2000001),
);
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM e;
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 2000000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.27 sec)
# View the rows in each partition
SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+-------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+-------------+
| p0 | 1000000 |
| p1 | 1000000 |
+----------------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# Create a nonpartitioned table of the same structure and populate it with 1 million rows
CREATE TABLE e2 (
id INT NOT NULL,
fname VARCHAR(30),
lname VARCHAR(30)
);
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM e2;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 1000000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.24 sec)
# Create another nonpartitioned table of the same structure and populate it with 1 million rows
CREATE TABLE e3 (
id INT NOT NULL,
fname VARCHAR(30),
lname VARCHAR(30)
);
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM e3;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 1000000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.25 sec)
# Drop the rows from p0 of table e
mysql> DELETE FROM e WHERE id < 1000001;
Query OK, 1000000 rows affected (5.55 sec)
# Confirm that there are no rows in partition p0
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 0 |
| p1 | 1000000 |
+----------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# Exchange partition p0 of table e with the table e2 'WITH VALIDATION'
mysql> ALTER TABLE e EXCHANGE PARTITION p0 WITH TABLE e2 WITH VALIDATION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.74 sec)
# Confirm that the partition was exchanged with table e2
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 1000000 |
| p1 | 1000000 |
+----------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# Once again, drop the rows from p0 of table e
mysql> DELETE FROM e WHERE id < 1000001;
Query OK, 1000000 rows affected (5.55 sec)
# Confirm that there are no rows in partition p0
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 0 |
| p1 | 1000000 |
+----------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# Exchange partition p0 of table e with the table e3 'WITHOUT VALIDATION'
mysql> ALTER TABLE e EXCHANGE PARTITION p0 WITH TABLE e3 WITHOUT VALIDATION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
# Confirm that the partition was exchanged with table e3
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'e';
+----------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+------------+
| p0 | 1000000 |
| p1 | 1000000 |
+----------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果分区与包含不符合分区定义的行的表交换,那么数据库管理员需要负责修复这些不匹配的行,这可以通过REPAIR TABLE
或ALTER TABLE ... REPAIR PARTITION
来完成。
您还可以使用ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION
语句将子分区与非分区表交换(参见第26.2.6节,“子分区”)。以下是创建一个包含范围分区和键子分区的表es
,填充该表(与表e
相同),然后创建一个空的非分区副本es2
的示例:
mysql> CREATE TABLE es (
-> id INT NOT NULL,
-> fname VARCHAR(30),
-> lname VARCHAR(30)
-> )
-> PARTITION BY RANGE (id)
-> SUBPARTITION BY KEY (lname)
-> SUBPARTITIONS 2 (
-> PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (50),
-> PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (100),
-> PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (150),
-> PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (2.76 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO es VALUES
-> (1669, "Jim", "Smith"),
-> (337, "Mary", "Jones"),
-> (16, "Frank", "White"),
-> (2005, "Linda", "Black");
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> CREATE TABLE es2 LIKE es;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.27 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE es2 REMOVE PARTITIONING;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.70 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
尽管我们在创建表es
时没有明确指定子分区名称,我们可以通过在PARTITIONS
表的SUBPARTITION_NAME
列中包含来自INFORMATION_ SCHEMA
的生成名称来获取这些子分区的名称,例如:
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, SUBPARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS
-> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
-> WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'es';
+----------------+-------------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | SUBPARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+-------------------+------------+
| p0 | p0sp0 | 1 |
| p0 | p0sp1 | 0 |
| p1 | p1sp0 | 0 |
| p1 | p1sp1 | 0 |
| p2 | p2sp0 | 0 |
| p2 | p2sp1 | 0 |
| p3 | p3sp0 | 3 |
| p3 | p3sp1 | 0 |
+----------------+-------------------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
以下ALTER TABLE
语句将表es
的子分区p3sp0
与非分区表es2
交换:
mysql> ALTER TABLE es EXCHANGE PARTITION p3sp0 WITH TABLE es2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)
您可以通过以下查询来验证行是否已被交换:
mysql> SELECT PARTITION_NAME, SUBPARTITION_NAME, TABLE_ROWS
-> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
-> WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'es';
+----------------+-------------------+------------+
| PARTITION_NAME | SUBPARTITION_NAME | TABLE_ROWS |
+----------------+-------------------+------------+
| p0 | p0sp0 | 1 |
| p0 | p0sp1 | 0 |
| p1 | p1sp0 | 0 |
| p1 | p1sp1 | 0 |
| p2 | p2sp0 | 0 |
| p2 | p2sp1 | 0 |
| p3 | p3sp0 | 0 |
| p3 | p3sp1 | 0 |
+----------------+-------------------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM es2;
+------+-------+-------+
| id | fname | lname |
+------+-------+-------+
| 1669 | Jim | Smith |
| 337 | Mary | Jones |
| 2005 | Linda | Black |
+------+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果表是子分区的,则只能将子分区与非分区表交换,而不是整个分区,如下所示:
mysql> ALTER TABLE es EXCHANGE PARTITION p3 WITH TABLE es2;
ERROR 1704 (HY000): Subpartitioned table, use subpartition instead of partition
表结构在严格的方式进行比较;分区表和非分区表必须具有相同数量、顺序、名称和类型的列和索引。此外,两者都必须使用相同的存储引擎:
mysql> CREATE TABLE es3 LIKE e;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.31 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE es3 REMOVE PARTITIONING;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.53 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE es3\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: es3
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `es3` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`fname` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
`lname` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE es3 ENGINE = MyISAM;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> ALTER TABLE es EXCHANGE PARTITION p3sp0 WITH TABLE es3;
ERROR 1497 (HY000): The mix of handlers in the partitions is not allowed in this version of MySQL
在这个例子中,ALTER TABLE ... ENGINE ...
语句有效,因为之前的ALTER TABLE
从表es3
中移除了分区。