10.5.2 优化InnoDB事务管理
To optimize InnoDB
transaction processing, find the ideal balance between the performance overhead of transactional features and the workload of your server. For example, an application might encounter performance issues if it commits thousands of times per second, and different performance issues if it commits only every 2-3 hours.
-
The default MySQL setting
AUTOCOMMIT=1
can impose performance limitations on a busy database server. Where practical, wrap several related data change operations into a single transaction, by issuingSET AUTOCOMMIT=0
or aSTART TRANSACTION
statement, followed by aCOMMIT
statement after making all the changes.InnoDB
must flush the log to disk at each transaction commit if that transaction made modifications to the database. When each change is followed by a commit (as with the default autocommit setting), the I/O throughput of the storage device puts a cap on the number of potential operations per second. -
Alternatively, for transactions that consist only of a single
SELECT
statement, turning onAUTOCOMMIT
helpsInnoDB
to recognize read-only transactions and optimize them. See Section 10.5.3, “Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions” for requirements. -
Avoid performing rollbacks after inserting, updating, or deleting huge numbers of rows. If a big transaction is slowing down server performance, rolling it back can make the problem worse, potentially taking several times as long to perform as the original data change operations. Killing the database process does not help, because the rollback starts again on server startup.
To minimize the chance of this issue occurring:
-
Increase the size of the buffer pool so that all the data change changes can be cached rather than immediately written to disk.
-
Set
innodb_change_buffering=all
so that update and delete operations are buffered in addition to inserts. -
Consider issuing
COMMIT
statements periodically during the big data change operation, possibly breaking a single delete or update into multiple statements that operate on smaller numbers of rows.
To get rid of a runaway rollback once it occurs, increase the buffer pool so that the rollback becomes CPU-bound and runs fast, or kill the server and restart with
innodb_force_recovery=3
, as explained in Section 17.18.2, “InnoDB Recovery”. -
-
If you can afford the loss of some of the latest committed transactions if an unexpected exit occurs, you can set the
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit
parameter to 0.InnoDB
tries to flush the log once per second anyway, although the flush is not guaranteed. -
When rows are modified or deleted, the rows and associated undo logs are not physically removed immediately, or even immediately after the transaction commits. The old data is preserved until transactions that started earlier or concurrently are finished, so that those transactions can access the previous state of modified or deleted rows. Thus, a long-running transaction can prevent
InnoDB
from purging data that was changed by a different transaction. -
When rows are modified or deleted within a long-running transaction, other transactions using the
READ COMMITTED
andREPEATABLE READ
isolation levels have to do more work to reconstruct the older data if they read those same rows. -
When a long-running transaction modifies a table, queries against that table from other transactions do not make use of the covering index technique. Queries that normally could retrieve all the result columns from a secondary index, instead look up the appropriate values from the table data.
If secondary index pages are found to have a
PAGE_MAX_TRX_ID
that is too new, or if records in the secondary index are delete-marked,InnoDB
may need to look up records using a clustered index.