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14.20.4 命名窗口

可以通过给它们命名来定义窗口,以便在 OVER 子句中引用它们。为此,请使用 WINDOW 子句。如果查询中存在该子句,它将位于 HAVINGORDER BY 子句之间,并具有以下语法:

WINDOW window_name AS (window_spec)
    [, window_name AS (window_spec)] ...

对于每个窗口定义, window_name 是窗口名称,而 window_spec 是与 OVER 子句中的窗口规范相同的类型,详见 第 14.20.2 节,“窗口函数概念和语法”

window_spec:
    [window_name] [partition_clause] [order_clause] [frame_clause]

一个 WINDOW 子句对于查询非常有用,其中多个 OVER 子句将定义相同的窗口。相反,您可以定义窗口一次,给它命名,然后在 OVER 子句中引用该名称。考虑以下查询,它定义了多个相同的窗口:

SELECT
  val,
  ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY val) AS 'row_number',
  RANK()       OVER (ORDER BY val) AS 'rank',
  DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY val) AS 'dense_rank'
FROM numbers;

该查询可以使用 WINDOW 定义窗口一次,并在 OVER 子句中引用该名称:

SELECT
  val,
  ROW_NUMBER() OVER w AS 'row_number',
  RANK()       OVER w AS 'rank',
  DENSE_RANK() OVER w AS 'dense_rank'
FROM numbers
WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY val);

命名窗口还使得实验窗口定义以查看查询结果的影响变得更加容易。您只需要修改 WINDOW 子句中的窗口定义,而不是多个 OVER 子句定义。

如果 OVER 子句使用 OVER (window_name ...) 而不是 OVER window_name,则命名窗口可以通过添加其他子句进行修改。例如,该查询定义了一个包括分区的窗口,并在 OVER 子句中使用 ORDER BY 以不同的方式修改窗口:

SELECT
  DISTINCT year, country,
  FIRST_VALUE(year) OVER (w ORDER BY year ASC) AS first,
  FIRST_VALUE(year) OVER (w ORDER BY year DESC) AS last
FROM sales
WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY country);

一个 OVER 子句只能添加命名窗口的属性,而不能修改它们。如果命名窗口定义包括分区、排序或框架属性,则 OVER 子句不能也包括相同种类的属性,否则将发生错误:

  • 该构造是允许的,因为窗口定义和引用的 OVER 子句不包含相同种类的属性:

    OVER (w ORDER BY country)
    ... WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY country)
  • 该构造是不允许的,因为 OVER 子句指定了 PARTITION BY,而命名窗口已经具有 PARTITION BY

    OVER (w PARTITION BY year)
    ... WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY country)

命名窗口的定义本身可以以 window_name 开头。在这种情况下,前向和后向引用是允许的,但不允许循环:

  • 这是允许的;它包含前向和后向引用,但不包含循环:

    WINDOW w1 AS (w2), w2 AS (), w3 AS (w1)
  • 这是不允许的,因为它包含一个循环:

    WINDOW w1 AS (w2), w2 AS (w3), w3 AS (w1)