MySQL 8.3 Release Notes
parenthesized_query_expression:
( query_expression [order_by_clause] [limit_clause] )
[order_by_clause]
[limit_clause]
[into_clause]
query_expression:
query_block [set_op query_block [set_op query_block ...]]
[order_by_clause]
[limit_clause]
[into_clause]
query_block:
SELECT ... | TABLE | VALUES
order_by_clause:
ORDER BY as for SELECT
limit_clause:
LIMIT as for SELECT
into_clause:
INTO as for SELECT
set_op:
UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT
MySQL 8.3 支持括号查询表达式,按照前面的语法。最简单的情况下,括号查询表达式包含单个 SELECT
或其他返回结果集的语句,无需后续可选子句:
(SELECT 1);
(SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = 'mysql');
TABLE t;
VALUES ROW(2, 3, 4), ROW(1, -2, 3);
括号查询表达式也可以包含通过一个或多个集合操作链接的查询,例如 UNION
,并以任何或所有可选子句结尾:
mysql> (SELECT 1 AS result UNION SELECT 2);
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 1 |
| 2 |
+--------+
mysql> (SELECT 1 AS result UNION SELECT 2) LIMIT 1;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 1 |
+--------+
mysql> (SELECT 1 AS result UNION SELECT 2) LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 2 |
+--------+
mysql> (SELECT 1 AS result UNION SELECT 2)
ORDER BY result DESC LIMIT 1;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 2 |
+--------+
mysql> (SELECT 1 AS result UNION SELECT 2)
ORDER BY result DESC LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| 1 |
+--------+
mysql> (SELECT 1 AS result UNION SELECT 3 UNION SELECT 2)
ORDER BY result LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1 INTO @var;
mysql> SELECT @var;
+------+
| @var |
+------+
| 2 |
+------+
INTERSECT
在 UNION
和 EXCEPT
之前执行,因此以下两个语句是等效的:
SELECT a FROM t1 EXCEPT SELECT b FROM t2 INTERSECT SELECT c FROM t3;
SELECT a FROM t1 EXCEPT (SELECT b FROM t2 INTERSECT SELECT c FROM t3);
括号查询表达式也用作查询表达式,因此查询表达式通常由查询块组成,也可以由括号查询表达式组成:
(TABLE t1 ORDER BY a) UNION (TABLE t2 ORDER BY b) ORDER BY z;
查询块可以有尾随的 ORDER BY
和 LIMIT
子句,这些子句在外部集合操作之前应用,包括 ORDER BY
和 LIMIT
。
您不能在没有括号的情况下拥有一个带有尾随 ORDER BY
或 LIMIT
的查询块,但是括号可以以各种方式强制执行:
-
强制在每个查询块上执行
LIMIT
:(SELECT 1 LIMIT 1) UNION (VALUES ROW(2) LIMIT 1); (VALUES ROW(1), ROW(2) LIMIT 2) EXCEPT (SELECT 2 LIMIT 1);
-
强制在查询块和整个查询表达式上执行
LIMIT
:(SELECT 1 LIMIT 1) UNION (SELECT 2 LIMIT 1) LIMIT 1;
-
强制在整个查询表达式上执行
LIMIT
(无括号):VALUES ROW(1), ROW(2) INTERSECT VALUES ROW(2), ROW(1) LIMIT 1;
-
混合执行:在第一个查询块上执行
LIMIT
,并在整个查询表达式上执行:(SELECT 1 LIMIT 1) UNION SELECT 2 LIMIT 1;
本节描述的语法受某些限制:
-
如果在括号内有另一个
INTO
子句,则查询表达式尾随的INTO
子句不允许。 -
括号查询表达式中的
ORDER BY
或LIMIT
按照 SQL 标准处理。嵌套括号查询表达式是允许的。支持的最大嵌套级别为 63;这是在解析器执行简化或合并后。
下面是一个示例语句:
mysql> (SELECT 'a' UNION SELECT 'b' LIMIT 2) LIMIT 3; +---+ | a | +---+ | a | | b | +---+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
您应该注意,在折叠括号表达式体时,MySQL遵循 SQL 标准语义,因此外部的更高限制不能覆盖内部的较低限制。例如,
(SELECT ... LIMIT 5) LIMIT 10
最多只能返回五行。